The problem of eyestrain caused by 3D display becomes a major topic of discussion. However, there has been no
previous research to compare the eyestrain caused by 2D and 3D displays, objectively. In this study, we measured
the frequency of blinking using a near-infrared pupil detection device to quantitatively compare the amount of eyestrain
caused when watching the two types of displays, on the basis that more frequent blinking indicates greater eyestrain.
Our research is novel in the following three ways. First, the eyestrain that occurs when watching 2D and 3D displays
are quantitatively compared by using eye blink frequency. Second, the significances of two factors (kind of display,
and the Z distance of watching display) and their interaction effect are calculated by using 2k factorial design
analysis. Third, the correlation between objective tests based on blink frequency and subjective tests based on a
survey is measured.
The experimental results showed that the amount of eyestrain when watching a 3D display, especially at short
viewing distances, was higher. High correlation between the quantitative results and subjective assessments
collected using a questionnaire survey showed that blinking frequency is a reliable measure. Further, the developed
pupil tracking device and blinking-rate-based measurement can be easily adapted to commercial glasses-based 3D
display systems.

This study is to propose a realistic game system using a multi-modal interface, including gaze tracking, hand gesture
recognition and bio-signal analysis based on the photoplethysmogram (PPG), the galvanic skin response (GSR), and
the skin temperature (SKT). Our research is novel in the following four ways, compared to previous game systems.
First, a highly immersive and realistic game is implemented on a head mounted display (HMD), with a gaze tracker, a
gesture recognizer and a bio-signal analyzer. Second, since the camera module for eye tracking is attached below
the HMD, the user’s gaze position onto the HMD display can be calculated without wearing any additional eye
tracking devices. Third, an aiming cursor in the game system is controlled by the gaze tracking. The grabbing and
throwing behaviors toward a target are performed by the user’s hand gestures using a data glove. Finally, the level of
difficulty in the game system is adaptively controlled according to the measurement and analysis of the user’s bio-
signals.
The experimental results show that the proposed method provides more effect on experience of immersion and interest
than conventional interaction method such as a keyboard and or a mouse.

With the recent increase in the number of three-dimensional (3-D) applications, the need for interfaces to the
applications has increased. Although the eye tracking method has been widely used as an interaction interface for
hand-disabled persons, this approach cannot be used for depth directional navigation. To solve this problem, we
propose a new brain computer interface (BCI) method in which a BCI and eye tracking are combined to analyze depth
navigation including selection and two-dimensional (2-D) gaze direction, respectively.
The proposed method is novel in the following five ways compared to previous works. First, a device to measure both
gaze direction and an electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern is proposed with the sensors needed to measure the EEG
attached to a head-mounted eye tracking device. Second, the reliability of the BCI interface is verified by
demonstrating that there is no difference between the real and the imaginary movements for the same work in terms of
EEG power spectrum. Third, depth control for the 3-D interaction interface is implemented by the imaginary movement
of arm reaching. Fourth, a selection method is implemented by the imaginary movement of hand grabbing. And fifth, for
the independent operation of gazing and a BCI, a mode selection method is proposed that measures a user’s
concentration by analyzing pupil accommodation speed, which is not affected by the operation of gazing and the BCI.
According to experimental results, we confirmed the feasibility of the proposed 3-D interaction method using eye
tracking and a BCI.

최근 HCI 분야에서 사용자의 시선 추적을 통해 보다 편리한 입력 장치를 개발하려는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만 기존의 시선 추적 방법들은 부가적인 사용자 착용형 장비를 필요로 하거나 원거리에서 작동되지 않는 문제 등으로 인해 IPTV 환경에서 적용하기 어려운 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사용자 착용없이 고정된 하나의 카메라를 이용하여 얼굴을 취득하고, 취득된 얼굴 영역 내에서 눈의 위치를 검출하여 IPTV의 화면 인터페이스를 제어할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 또한, Adaboost 방법으로 얼굴이나 눈이 성공적으로 검출되지 못했을 경우에도, 계층적 KLT(Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi) 특징 추적 방법을 통해 구해진 모션 벡터를 이용하여 화면 인터페이스를 제어할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 이처럼, 본 논문의 방법은 기존의 방법과는 달리 실제 IPTV의 시청거리인 2m 정도의 원거리에서도 사용가능하며, 카메라 이외에 별도의 장치를 착용할 필요가 없으므로 편의성이 높고 얼굴 움직임의 제약이 없다는 장점이 있다. 실험결과, 입력되는 얼굴 영상을 초당 15프레임의 속도로 실시간 처리함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 기존 입력 장치의 역할을 충분히 대신할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.？

A new fake iris detection method based on 3D feature of iris pattern is proposed. In pervious researches, they did not
consider 3D structure of iris pattern, but only used 2D features of iris image. However, in our method, by using four
near infra-red (NIR) illuminators attached on the left and right sides of iris camera, we could obtain the iris image in
which the 3D structure of iris pattern could be shown distinctively. Based on that, we could determine the live or fake
iris by wavelet analysis of the 3D feature of iris pattern. Experimental result showed that the Equal Error Rate (EER) of
determining the live or fake iris was 0.33%.

In this paper, spectral scheme based on Hermite interpolation for solving partial differential equations is presented. The idea of this Hermite spectral method comes from the spectral method on arbitrary grids of Carpenter and Gottlieb [J. Comput. Phys. 129(1996) 74-86] using the Lagrange interpolation.

We obtain some retarded integral inequalities of Bihari-type and apply these results to a retarded differential equation of Bernoulli-type.

In this paper, we obtain the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of a functional equation and a system of functional equations on Jensen-quadratic mappings.

The effect of a solute concentration difference on the osmotic transport of water through the semi-permeable membrane of a simple cell model is investigated. So far, most studies on osmotic phenomena are described by simple diffusion-type equations ignoring all fluid motion or described by Stokes flow. In our work, as the governing equations, we consider the coupled full Navier-Stokes equations which describe the fluid motion and the full transport equation that takes into account of convection and diffusion effects. A two dimensional finite difference model has been developed to simulate the velocity field, concentration field, and semi-permeable membrane ment. It is shown that the cell swells to regions of lower solute concentration due to the uneven water flux through the semi-permeable membrane. The simulation is applied on a red blood cell geometry and the relevant results are presented.

Fingerprinting is a technique that permits automatic classification of strategies for playing a game. In this paper, the evolution of strategies for playing the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) at three different noise levels is analyzed using fingerprinting and other techniques including a novel quantity, evolutionary velocity, derived from fingerprinting. The results are at odds with initial expectations and permit the detection of a critical difference in the evolution of agents with and without noise. Noise during fitness evaluation places a larger fraction of an agent's genome under selective pressure, resulting in substantially more efficient training. In this case, efficiency is the production of superior competitive ability at a lower evolutionary velocity. Prisoner's dilemma playing agents are evolved for 6400 generations, taking samples at eight exponentially spaced epochs. This permits assessment of the change in populations over long evolutionary time. Agents are evaluated for competitive ability between those evolved for different lengths of time and between those evolved using distinct noise levels. The presence of noise during agent training is found to convey a commanding competitive advantage. A novel analysis is done in which a tournament is run with no two agents from the same evolutionary line and one third of agents from each noise level studied. This analysis simulates contributed agent tournaments without any genetic relation between agents. It is found that in early epochs the agents evolved without noise have the best average tournament rank, but that in later epochs they have the worst.