Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate and review the previous researches about objective measuring
fatigue caused by visual stimuli. Also, we analyze possibility of new visual fatigue measurement methods using facial
expression recognition and gesture recognition. Background: In most previous researches, visual fatigue is commonly
measured by survey or interview based subjective method. However, the subjective evaluation methods can be
affected by individual feeling’s variation or other kinds of stimuli. To solve these problems, signal and image
processing based visual fatigue measurement methods have been widely researched. Method: To analyze the signal
and image processing based methods, we categorized previous works into three groups such as bio-signal based
method, brainwave based method, and eye image based method. Also, the possibility of adopting facial expression or
gesture recognition to measure visual fatigue is analyzed. Results: Bio-signal and brainwave based methods have
problems because they can be degraded by not only visual stimuli but also the other kinds of external stimuli caused
by other sense organs. In eye image based methods, using only single feature such as blink frequency or pupil size
also has problem because the single feature can be easily degraded by other kinds of emotions. Conclusion: Multi-
modal measurement method is required by fusing several features which are extracted from the bio-signal and image.
Also, some progressive method including facial expression or gesture recognition can be considered. Application:
The objective visual fatigue measurement method can be applied into the fields of quantitative and comparative
measurement of visual fatigue of next generation display devices in terms of human factor.

In this research, we propose a new finger biometrics method. Infrared finger image is captured then feature extraction
is performed based on the modified Gaussian high pass filter and with a binarization, local binary pattern (LBP) or
local derivative pattern (LDP). Infrared finger image includes the multimodal features of finger-vein and finger geometry
in addition to the parts of fingerprint. Instead of extracting each feature by using different methods, the modified
Gaussian high pass filter is fully convolved. Therefore, the extracted binary pattern of finger image includes the
multimodal features of vein, fingerprint, and finger geometry. Experimental results showed that the equal error rate of
the proposed method was 0.13%.

A terminal-state tracking optimal control problem for linear hyperbolic equations with distributed control is studied in this paper. An analytic solution formula for the optimal control problem is derived in the form of eigenseries. We show that the optimal solution satisfies the approximate controllability property. An explicit solution formula for the exact controllability problem is also expressed by the eigenseries formula when the target state and the controlled state have matching boundary conditions. We demonstrate by numerical simulations that the optimal solutions expressed by the series formula approach the target functions.

1. Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to report Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Constitution Theory and the present state of Chinese Health Administration Center. 2. Methods: We visited China for "China Technology Survey" in 2009. Our purposes were to research for the study of constitutional medicine in China and to search for the Development Plan of Constitutional Medicine Through the Research of Chinese Constitutional Medicine. This paper is the report of the "China Technology Survey". 3. Results & Conclusions: In China, the concept and diagnosis of TCM constitutions is nine(Balanced Constitution, Qi-deficient Constitution, Yang-deficient Constitution, Yin-deficient Constitution, Phlegm-dampness Constitution, Damp-heat Constitution, Stagnant blood Constitution, Stagnant qi Constitution, Inherited specific Constitution). And Chinese government established the Classification and Diagnosis Standards for the Constitutions of TCM in 2009. TCM Constitution Theory is being widely applied at Health Administration Center that treats 'predisease' patients. Theses Chinese clinical implications of constitutional medicine are a good example for "Sasang Constituional Medicine" Care Service.

The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is a simultaneous two-player game. The actual values of payoffs take on different values in different research projects. In this study we perform an affine normalization of the payoff matrix and compare the agents that evolve when each of five different payoff matrices is used. Four of the matrices are chosen to lie near extremes of the normalized space, while the other lies in its center. The probability of cooperative behavior evolving is strongly influenced by the choice of payoff matrix. Fingerprinting of the evolved agents demonstrates a significant shift in the distribution of strategies that arise. A significant difference in pairwise competitive ability is also found between agents evolved with different payoff matrices. Placed into tournaments with agents evolved using all five payoff matrices, the players evolved with the central payoff matrix were found to have significantly better average tournament ranking. We conclude that the choice of payoff values is not a neutral choice and must be controlled for in any design of experiments.

In this paper, we present a study of a discrete version of a reaction–diffusion system which corresponds to the Turing model of morphogenesis. We present a review on spatio-temporal chaos in lattice systems, and then show that the discrete version possesses a hyperbolic property displaying spatio-temporal chaos. Finally, some numerical computation will be performed to observe the hyperbolic properties of the system.

This paper introduces the concept of a virtual ecosystem and reports the following three mathematical approaches that could be widely used to construct such an ecosystem, along with examples: (1) a molecular dynamics simulation approach for animal flocking behavior, (2) a stochastic lattice model approach for termite colony behavior, and (3) a rule-based cellular automata approach for biofilm growth. The ecosystem considered in this study consists of artificial organisms and their environment. Each organism in the ecosystem is an agent that interacts autonomously with the dynamic environment, including the other organisms within it. The three types of model were successful to account for each corresponding ecosystem. In order to accurately mimic a natural ecosystem, a virtual ecosystem needs to take many ecological variables into account. However, doing so is likely to introduce excess complexity and nonlinearity in the analysis of the virtual ecosystem's dynamics. Nonetheless, the development of a virtual ecosystem is important, because it can provide possible explanations for various phenomena such as environmental disturbances and disasters, and can also give insights into ecological functions from an individual to a community level from a synthetic viewpoint. As an example of how lower and higher levels in an ecosystem can be connected, this paper also briefly discusses the application of the second model to the simulation of a termite ecosystem and the influence of climate change on the termite ecosystem.

In field, one can observe without difficulties that two flocks are intersected or combined with each other. For
example, a fish flock in a stream separates into two part by obstacles (e.g. stone) and rejoins behind the obstacles.
The dynamics of two flocks guided by their leader were studied in the situation where the flocks cross each other
with a crossing angle, ？？, between their moving directions. Each leader is unaffected by its flock members whereas
each member is influenced by its leader and other members. To understand the dynamics, I investigated the order
parameter,？？, defined by the absolute value of the average unit velocity of the flocks’ members. When the two flocks
were encountered, the first peak in？？ was appeared due to the breaking of the flocks’ momentum balance. When
the flocks began to separate, the second peak in？？ was observed. Subsequently, erratic peaks were emerged by some
individuals that were delayed to rejoin their flock. The amplitude of the two peaks, d1 (first) and d2 (second), were
measured. Interestingly, they exhibited a synchronized behavior for different ？？. This simulation model can be a
useful tool to explore animal behavior and to develop multi-agent robot systems.

We defined a novel “branch length similarity” (BLS) entropy, S, on a simple network consisting of a single node and branches. This simple network is referred to as “unit branching network” (UBN) because UBNs are components of larger networks. As an application of BLS entropy, we considered the characterization of termite tunnel patterns because termite tunnel patterns can be broken down into a collection of simple units consisting of a single node and branches. These simple units correspond to UBNs. To this end, in additional to the entropy, we introduced the standard deviation (σ) of the difference in S between UBNs connected by a single tunnel branch. Forty simulated tunnel patterns were created for each of two termite species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. These patterns were projected into <S>–σ phase space in order to assess their topological properties. This approach showed that for R. flavipes, their coordinates were relatively more clustered than those of C. formosanus. This result reflected that these two species were differently constrained by emergent property resulting from simple worker's tunneling behavior. We believe that the approach proposed in this study can be a useful tool to explore termite tunnel systems, but not limited to termite system.